A new study published in JAMA Oncology suggests that medications known as GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), such as Ozempic, commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes and obesity, may have an additional benefit of reducing the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).
The study, which analyzed electronic health records of over 1.2 million patients from 2005 to 2019, found a significant reduction in CRC incidence among patients treated with GLP-1 RAs compared to those prescribed other antidiabetic drugs. Specifically:
- Among patients treated with GLP-1 RAs, there was a 44% reduction in CRC incidence compared to those treated with insulin.
- When compared to patients treated with Metformin, a commonly prescribed antidiabetic drug, those receiving GLP-1 RAs experienced a 25% reduction in CRC incidence.
While the precise mechanisms underlying this association remain to be fully elucidated, experts speculate that the weight-reducing effects, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and adoption of healthier lifestyles associated with GLP-1 RAs may contribute to the observed reduction in CRC risk.
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with an estimated 153,020 new cases expected to be diagnosed this year. Despite its significant impact, CRC is highly preventable through regular screening.
Key risk factors for CRC include family history of the disease, tobacco and alcohol consumption, age, inflammatory bowel disease, diet, obesity, and previous radiation exposure. Additionally, African Americans face higher CRC incidence and mortality rates, often attributed to genetic factors, aggressive tumor biology, lower screening rates, and socioeconomic disparities.
Effective screening modalities for CRC include fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), colonoscopy, and Cologuard. Screening typically begins at age 45, or earlier for individuals with familial predisposition, and plays a crucial role in early detection and prevention of CRC.
To address disparities in CRC screening and treatment, initiatives such as the Colorectal Cancer Alliance’s Health Equity Fund offer resources and support to underserved populations, including free colonoscopies, online screening quizzes, and financial assistance.
In conclusion, while further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between GLP-1 RAs and CRC risk reduction, preventive screening remains the cornerstone of CRC prevention and early detection, offering the best chance for improved outcomes and reduced mortality rates.
Keywords: GLP-1 receptor agonists, colorectal cancer risk, type 2 diabetes, obesity, preventive screening, CRC incidence, health equity
Conclusion: The study underscores the potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists in reducing colorectal cancer risk, highlighting the importance of preventive screening initiatives to combat CRC incidence and mortality.